Assessment of ammonia emissions from swine facilities in the U.S.-Application of knowledge from experimental research

摘要: Abstract Ammonia (NH3) emitted from animal agriculture is the most important gaseous pollutant in agro-systems. Experimental research, as compared with indirect estimation and hypothetical calculation, on NH3 critical for emission assessment, regulation, abatement. Research involving field-scale monitoring of emissions U.S. swine facilities has greatly expanded past 15 years. However, published calculation tools, including factors, EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) inventories this field were largely based non-U.S. research. While seasonal diurnal variations concentrations are acknowledged, studies, which these tools depended on, produced data that only represented a fraction overall picture because technological financial limitations. Different methodologies technologies have been used investigations but not systematically. Methodology, equipment, software sampling measurement, methodology processing rate can introduce into results. Because lack standardized methods procedures, it difficult to identify quantify measurement errors. Although few comprehensive studies conducted long enough cover even annual variations, continuous dynamic there considerable delay in-depth interpretation publication following projects There also lag adopting/updating latest factors country-wide inventories. In addition, discrepancies between obtained research by governmental other agencies. Future development will require criteria be made weigh different develop more emphasis put application results, intensive extensive conducted, standards protocols developed, investment post-measurement processing/analyzing/interpretation advanced computer software.