Mechanisms of nephrotoxicity from metal combinations: a review.

摘要: The common environmental pollutants arsenic, lead, and cadmium are each known to induce chronic renal disease the molecular mechanisms of such toxic events being clarified. Nephrotoxicity these metals is due fact that urinary elimination a main route excretion, proximal tubules especially sensitive their high reabsorptive activity. Renal pathological effects vary with chemical form metal, dose, whether exposure acute or in nature. few isolated studies combined metal exposures indicate may be altered unknown interactions within kidney. Biological factors cell as binding proteins inclusion bodies also influence metal-metal interactions. Further research needed specify parameters criteria by which assessed for unique biological response patterns aid risk assessment analysi...