European “Transparency Instruments”: Driving the Modernisation of European Higher Education

摘要: This paper reviews the background and assesses usefulness of various transparency instruments (e.g. college guides, accreditation, classification systems, benchmarking models, global rankings). While there are differences between these “instruments”, they can all be considered as part growing trend for greater transparency, accountability comparability which began with guides or handbooks around 1970. It will then place most recent European developments U-Map U-Multirank) other EU-funded initiatives (Expert Group on Assessment University-based Research 3-M Project Third Mission) within this context. In doing so, discuss extent to provide information stakeholders, impact that such having higher education. The asks what support broad education policy objectives, e.g. modernisation agenda institutions, their strategic orientations requirements knowledge-driven societies.