Critical issues in connection with human planetary missions: protection of and from the environment.

摘要: Abstract Activities associated with human missions to the Moon or Mars will interact environment in two reciprocal ways: (i) mission needs be protected from natural environmental elements that can harmful health, equipment their operations; (ii) specific of should so it retains its value for scientific and other purposes. The following need considered order protect humans on planetary surface: cosmic ionizing radiation, solar particle events; (iii) ultraviolet radiation; (iv) reduced gravity; (v) thin atmosphere; (vi) extremes temperatures fluctuations; (vii) surface dust; (viii) impacts by meteorites micrometeorites. In environment, requirements protection as adopted COSPAR lander revised view presence planet. Landers carrying exobiological investigations require special consideration reduce contamination terrestrial microorganisms organic matter greatest feasible extent. Records activities planet's maintained sufficient detail future experiments determine whether modifications have resulted explorations.