Computational snow avalanche simulation in forested terrain

摘要: Abstract. Two-dimensional avalanche simulation software operating in three-dimensional terrain is widely used for hazard zoning and engineering to predict runout distances impact pressures of snow events. Mountain forests are an effective biological protection measure against avalanches; however, the protective capacity decelerate or even stop avalanches that start within forested areas directly above treeline seldom considered this context. In particular, small- medium-scale strongly influenced by structural conditions path. We present evaluation operationalization a novel detrainment function implemented RAMMS terrain. The new approach accounts effect path detraining mass, which leads deceleration shortening avalanches. relationship parameterized coefficient K [kg m−1 s−2] accounting differing forest characteristics. varied when simulating 40 well-documented avalanches, were released ran through Swiss Alps. Analyzing comparing observed simulated statistically revealed values suitable simulate combined influence four characteristics on runout: type, crown closure, vertical structure surface cover, example, higher dense spruce mixed spruce-beech compared open larch at upper treeline. Considering simulations will improve current applications tools mountain natural management.