National Forest Inventory and forest observational studies in Spain: Applications to forest modeling

摘要: Abstract According to official statistics, forest and other wooded lands cover 54.4% of the Spanish national territory. However, approximately 39.2% are under different types protection only 18.4 million ha (36% country) true forests or plantations. Four main ecoregions can be distinguished in Spain: Mediterranean, Atlantic, Alpine Subtropical (Macaronesic). The particular characteristics these eco-regions determine resource utilisation. Three objectives dominant: (a) biodiversity conservation (main objective Macaronesic area), (b) timber production (important Atlantic region) (c) multifunctionality as well non-timber products Mediterranean ecoregions). In second half 20th century, combination new Permanent Plot Networks (PPN), silvicultural trials (covering a wide range species site conditions), National Forest Inventory (NFI), made possible develop models, especially during recent years due advances statistical software combined with improved field observations. New models for tree species, management purposes regions have been developed at scales, including whole stand individual-tree approaches, taking into account diversity end-user aims. PPN NFI allows further improvement additional output functions estimate variables related specific (e.g. crown fire risk). advantages disadvantages Observational Studies (FOS) data developing discussed. Finally, an example synergy between FOS observations dynamic growth intensively managed ecoregion is presented.