Oral contraceptives and primary liver cancer: temporal trends in three countries.

摘要: Objective To determine if vital statistics support a temporal association between the introduction of oral contraceptives (OC) and incidence of, mortality from, primary liver cancer in three countries from different regions world. Methods We used Cancer Incidence Five Continents , volumes I–VI, for data on United States Japan. The Centre Epidemiology Stockholm provided Sweden. obtained U.S. Vital Statistics Japan World Health Annual Sweden Swedish government sources. compiled prevalence OC use all multiple sources, including National Survey Family Growth, Population Council, original articles. Results Despite several hundred million woman-years exposure to OCs, rates among women have not changed substantially States. In Sweden, another country with extensive use, trends paralleled those men. rate is gradually rising Japan, where has been negligible. Conclusion Population-based industrialized very patterns contraceptive provide no measurable effect OCs cancer. Although case-control studies developed suggested an increase risk, such does exist, public health impact appears be