Information, public empowerment, and the management of urban watersheds

摘要: Abstract The management of urban watersheds has been dominated by providing technological, end-of-pipe solutions to individual environmental problems. current technological system and schemes are the result a stepwise evolutionary process solving problems in succession. complexity contemporary requires an integrated approach problem thus innovation. However, longevity infrastructure co-evolution practices technology resulted quite often lock-in situations. interdependence infrastructure, rules practitioners attitudes public stabilize prevent change. More flexible systems required that able adapt changes societal boundary conditions. In this paper it is argued implies shift from constructing managing centralized with control, towards intelligent design environment-technical-human decentralized technical distributed mechanisms coordination control. Citizens stakeholder groups may become active participants scheme. This poses major challenge for analysts engineers.