Temperature can interact with landscape factors to affect songbird productivity.

摘要: Increased temperatures and more extreme weather patterns associated with global climate change can interact other factors that regulate animal populations, but many studies do not incorporate threats to wildlife in their analyses. We used 20 years of nest-monitoring data from study sites across a gradient habitat fragmentation Missouri, USA, investigate the relative influence variables (temperature precipitation) landscape (forest cover edge density) on number young produced per nest attempt (i.e., productivity) for three species songbirds. detected strong forest × temperature interaction Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) productivity. Greater resulted greater productivity because reduced brood parasitism increased survival, whereas highly forested landscapes predation had no effect less landscapes. The Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) exhibited similar pattern, albeit marginal interaction. By contrast, Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) was influenced by effects or temperature. Our results highlight potential difficulty managing response such as warming, greatest flycatchers also most negatively high temperatures. (and therefore, predators) underscores need acknowledge complexity species' responses incorporating thorough consideration community ecology development models impacts wildlife.