MR techniques for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging.

摘要: MR-based molecular imaging is a science in infancy. Current clinical contrast agents are often geared toward the assessment of gross physiologic function, rather than targeting specific biochemical pathways. The development targeted smart for Food and Drug Administration approval or trials has only begun. fact that MR can obtain images extremely high resolution, coupled with its ability to simultaneously assess structure function through use indicates will play pivotal role future. Many challenges face spectroscopy inherent all modalities rapidly growing field imaging. report on receptor monitor gene expression results therapy humans paramount. These compounds need undergo rigorous testing be approved use: acute toxicity, pharmacokinetics, long-term accumulation, subsequent chronic effects. For receptor-targeted agents, degree occupancy intrinsic agonist antagonist properties probe may affect normal cellular determined avoid undesired side particular problems imaging, those sensitivity target specificity, overcome. Signal amplification achieved relaxivity containing multiple paramagnetic centers, larger superparamagnetic particles, first step this direction. modulation oligomerization, other modifications cause restriction rotational motions, shows great promise improving discriminative powers permit targets assessed simultaneously. Moreover, introduction indicators lead changes spectroscopic allow further discrimination implementation chemical shift number applications expanding point bright future