Nickel, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Osmium, and Platinum

摘要: Nickel (1–3) is a transition element in group VIII of the periodic system belonging with palladium and platinum to 10 (nickel) triad. It silver-white metal characteristic gloss ductile malleable. occurs two allotropic forms. The specific density nickel 8.90 g/cm3, melting point 1455°C, boiling 2730°C. not soluble water, but it does dissolve dilute oxidizing acids. resistant lyes. obtained by processing sulfide laterite ore concentrates using pyrometallurgic hydrometallurgic processes. resultant matte roasting smelting subjected further cleaning electro-, vapo-, refining methods. Some portion roasted obtain commercial oxide agglomerate. Pure, 99.9% can be electrolytic process. has been used predominantly as component alloys. Information on acute chronic poisonings people limited and, majority cases, refers effects combined exposure dusts or fumes comprising mixtures metallic nickel, its oxides salts. Contact hypersensitivity salts, however, quite well documented. Ruthenium, element, belongs (iron) classification light metals hard brittle that resembles platinum. Ruthenium compounds are usually dark brown (ranging from yellow black). forms alloys platinum, palladium, cobalt, tungsten. Elemental ruthenium native iridium osmium (irridosmine, siskerite) other ores (pentlandite, laurite, etc.) very small quantities commercially recovered. Ruthenium electronics electrical engineering, also chemical industry. catalyst reactions synthesis long-chain hydrocarbons. Because catalytic activity, converters for motor car engines. increase hardness designed make electric contacts, resistance wires, circuit breakers, components. employed substitute jewelry tips fountain pen nibs. Certain derived ruthenium(III) complexes cancer therapy prevent metaplasia inhibit tumor cell growth. 106 purpose. Ruthenium(III) may applied treat diseases resulting nitric oxide. Ammoniated oxychloride (Ruthenium Red) staining agent microscopy. Rhodium cobalt triad at same time. There only one stable isotope: 103Rh. Rhodium, elemental state, soft, forgeable, metal. nature extremely rarely (abundance: 1 × 10−70 % wt) form (e.g., crude platinum) accompanies gold. precious expensive metal, rhodium action cold chlorine fluorine insoluble acids aqua regia. Pure prepared reduction ammonium salt (dichloropentaaminorhodium). Rhodium manufacture thermocouples (in platinum–rhodium alloy: 10% Rh 90% Pt), laboratory vessels (crucibles), catalysts (as an additive Pt Pd), spinnerets synthetic glass fibers, surgical tools (Ph, Pt, Ir alloys), electroplating. Besides, jewelry, RhCl3 capable controlling some viruses. Anticarcinogenic activity confirmed. No toxic levels have determined either blood urine. As animals results respiratory function disorders, seems useful monitor pulmonary case poisoning. Considering central nervous disorders observed among exposed rhodium, advisable this poisoning humans. Palladium, Group III table (nickel group) metals, medium-hard, moderately In compounds, assumes oxidation state +2 +4, forming bivalent tetravalent A feature high hydrogen absorption, which allows use sponge black Contrary considerably less chemicals. At elevated temperatures reacts oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, sulfur, selenium. Palladium dust constitute fire explosion hazards. show different water solubility. Palladium practically nontoxic. depend type, dose administration compound. general, stronger after IV IP than orally. Water-soluble namely, those systemic fluids, do ones. Osmium, odd series 81 family, time heavy metals. seven isotopes. Osmium gray-blue hexagonal crystals. No data found relevant literature concerning experimental animals. However, oxidizes relatively low volatile tetroxide, shows strong irritating eyes, tract skin. Platinum, intermediate (nickel, group, malleable, ductile, density. mainly isotopes: 190Pt (0.01%), 192Pt (0.08%), 194Pt (32.9%), 195Pt (33.8%), 196Pt (25.2%), 198Pt (7.2%). rare earth crust (abundance 2 × 10−6% weight). Nevertheless, most abundant group. Platinum copper ores, recovery waste. main stages production include extraction precious-metal concentrate followed separation through complex process, during dissolved regia, precipitated ammonium(IV) hexachloroplatinate. precipitate then calcinated 600–700°C give sponge, hardened temperatures, such arc. gray contains 99.95–99.9% pure metal. Platinum widely various industries, chemical, ceramic, electronic, automotive, petroleum. medicine, dental surgery, manufacture. Pure produce special-purpose apparatus, equipment (crucibles, evaporating dishes, wire nets, electrodes), spinning dies contacts. Platinum/iridium length weight standards. industrial application associated activity. Platinum instruments implants. The alloy forms; electroplate surfaces. Keywords: Nickel; Nickel compounds; Rhodium; Rhodium compounds; Palladium; Palladium compounds; Osmium; Osmium compounds; Platinum; Platinum compounds; Cancer; Biological materials; Chlorides; Carbonates; Oxides; Sulfides; Kinetic models; Refining plants; Lung cancer; Inhalation; Metal; Dermal exposure; Radioactivity