作者: Alberto Breda , Angelo Territo
DOI: 10.1016/J.EURURO.2015.11.026
关键词:
摘要: In the last decade, there has been an exponential increase in number of robot-assisted surgeries (RAS) and annual robotic surgical procedures continues to grow progressively [1]. It be kept inmind that all fields RAS is one requires more specific dedicated training owing potential difficulties understanding high magnification, three-dimensional vision, need for precise coordination between hand eye movements because absence tactile feedback. The traditional Halstedian method ‘‘see one, do teach one’’ cannot must no longer applied [2]. New methods have introduced develop competence before performing live surgery [3,4]. Preclinical models are interest ability train surgeons on a simulator rather than directly patients. Simulators available market classified as low fidelity, augmented reality (AR), virtual (VR) [4]. Low fidelity simulators, such dry laparoscopic box trainer, portable cheap, but they not able reproduce real environment. High simulators include animal cadaveric models, which provide realistic easily usable multiple reasons (cost, veterinary assistance, anatomic variance, ethical issues). AR recently introduced, very environment, including actual cases radical prostatectomy, narrative instructions, guided movements, audiovisual explanations, anatomical illustrations [5]. VR use computer-derived operative field with feedback considered solution learning basic skills RAS. Many reports, small randomized trial, demonstrated curve novice