摘要: Multifactorial risk factors are responsible for many diseases. They can be broadly categorized as environmental, genetic and life style factors. Much attention has been focused on the first two categories, e.g. identification of environmental toxicants/carcinogens elucidation susceptibility to disease. Life such aging, poor nutrition, infection exposure toxicants also increase illnesses. These therefore considered cause acquired increased Among Egyptians, with parasite, Schistosoma, is primary factor bladder cancer enhanced by mutagenic chemicals. We have shown that inheritance susceptible metabolizing genes body burden chemicals enhances risk. hypothesized chronic causes cellular abnormalities reduce capacity cells repair DNA damage thus used a challenge assay show from cigarette smokers populations exposed uranium, butadiene pesticides abnormal responses compared matched controls. On other hand, response normal in workers very low concentrations benzene, mothers who had children birth defects. This suggests high enough certain mutagens human populations. The expected interact