Clock genes × stress × reward interactions in alcohol and substance use disorders

摘要: Adverse life events and highly stressful environments have deleterious consequences for mental health. Those environmental factors can potentiate alcohol drug abuse in vulnerable individuals carrying specific genetic risk factors, hence producing the final alcohol- substance-use disorders development. The nature of these genes remains to be fully determined, but studies indicate their direct or indirect relation stress hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and/or reward systems. Over past decade, clock been revealed key-players influencing acute chronic alcohol/drug effects. In parallel, influence promoting substance use has demonstrated. Furthermore, reciprocal interaction with various HPA-axis components, as well evidence an implication stress-induced abuse, led idea that genes, Period particular, may represent key consider when examining gene × environment etiology addiction. aim present review is summarize findings linking stress, propose potential underlying neurobiological mechanisms.