Allergic rhinitis: an update on disease, present treatments and future prospects.

摘要: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammation of nasal mucosa mediated by IgE-associated processes occurring independently, or concurrently with asthma. AR characterized sensitization-formation and expression antigen specific IgE, followed in two phases. The early phase response involves cross linking IgE molecules leading to degranulation mast cells release preformed mediators such as histamine tryptase, newly synthesized prostaglandins leukotrienes. late predominated the presence eosinophils, lymphocytes, cytokines, adhesion molecules. Newer insights reveal that whole phenomenon immunological intricately knit neural pathways, which strongly influence process. Furthermore, can impact psychological health vice versa. Classical pharmacotherapy includes use oral topical antihistamines, antileukotrienes, corticosteroids, cell stabilizers, decongestants, anticholinergic agent. Among immunomodulatory treatments, immunotherapy gaining widespread use, while antibody treatment restricted mainly resistant cases. Several small improved safety profile, targeting novel mechanisms are clinical research. antihistamines corticosteroids profile antagonists prostaglandin D(2) (CRTH2) receptors likely be available for near future. Lack properly validated animal models complexities associated evaluation some challenges facing researchers AR. Comprehensive understanding neurological would facilitate future quest more effective safer management this disease.