Conservation conflicts involving mammals in Europe

摘要: Introduction:  In recent times, conflicts involving wildlife have increased in importance and magnitude. Conservation occur when two or more parties with strongly held opinions clash over conservation objectives, one party is perceived to assert its interest at the expense of another. usually emerge from “wildlife impacts”, defined as circumstances where people, consciously unconsciously, negatively impact wildlife, alternatively impacts well-being livelihoods people biodiversity. In Europe, most frequent intense conflict associated management mammals likely that predators. For example, large carnivores depredate on livestock game species, but same time these are flagship-species for European nature conservation. Therefore, about how species should be managed frequently. The overabundant ungulates natural vegetation well small damage crops also lead clashes between stakeholders Europe. global status conflictive rather good. However, some their populations threatened, least partially by illegal killing poaching. From this perspective, efforts needed mitigate areas. addition, promoting investigation incorporates multidisciplinary approaches essential increase understanding such ultimately them. Key words:  Crop damage, hunting, carnivores, loss, ungulates, poaching, predator control, mammals,