Achieving ecological conservation impact is not enough: setting priorities based on multiple criteria

摘要: Protected areas provide safe spots where species can persist while threats are present or imminent in other of their range, being a key conservation tool to improve survival as well increasingly expected achieve number social and economic objectives (Watson et al., 2014). Given the need complement strict protection with approaches people incentivized coexist wildlife, community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has often been applied local communities heavily dependent on resources for livelihoods (Roe, Nelson & Sandbrook, 2009). Aiming wildlife promoting justice meeting livelihood goals (Shahabuddin Rao, 2010), CBNRM may take many different forms (e.g. managing tourism, trophy hunting subsistence use) implemented countries, mixed reviews about its success worldwide (Measham Lumbasi, 2013). A major obstacle evaluation improvement initiatives is paucity data social, ecological impacts (Roe For example, communal conservancies Namibia have considered potential role model programmes 2009), several studies reporting benefits, but types impact given less attention. In current issue Animal Conservation, Humavindu Stage (2015) insights financial aspects Namibia. Their study demonstrates that, despite benefits individual Namibia, them currently lack viability, which lead failure. Overall viability area, however, relatively guaranteed when analysing all together. Conservation originally focused mostly protecting more emphasis placed social-ecological features dynamics (Mace, 2014), meaning that indicators shifting well. While only aspects, case provides useful illustration reshape by applying multi-criteria analyses biodiversity measured alongside costs benefits. The interventions cannot be examining variables, cultural factors essential not achieving desired changes biodiversity, also system managed adequately. If, reported (2015), some subsequently fail, will eventually eliminated affected negatively. Social-ecological feedbacks under changing conditions are, thus, important should from an early stage during planning; doing so reprehensible potentially putting jeopardy causing negative repercussions wildlife. particularly relevant taking into account temporal spatial scales at decisions made action required. As illustrated short time horizons funders conflict longer-term changes, incentives needed affecting behaviour individual, group national levels. problem scale mismatch frequent generated wide range processes (Cumming, Cumming Redman, 2006). Considering multiple planning thus effective conservation. This allow decision-makers identifying mismatches between who benefit (or pay cost) non-economic values. if larger than conservancies, then regional network could order maximize reduce costs, requiring coordinated decision-making investments. Ultimately, greater focus self-sustainability, improved accountability mentoring older bs_bs_banner