Electroplated reticulated vitreous carbon current collectors for lead–acid batteries: opportunities and challenges

摘要: Abstract Reticulated, open-cell structures based on vitreous carbon substrates electroplated with a Pb–Sn (1 wt.%) alloy were investigated as current collectors for lead–acid batteries. Scanning and backscattered electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, anodic polarization flooded 2 V single-cell battery testing was employed to characterize the performance of proposed collectors. A equipped pasted reticulated (RVC) electrodes 137 cm 2 geometric area, at time manuscript submission, completed 500 cycles over 1500 h continuous operation. The cycling involved discharges 63 A kg PAM −1 corresponding nominal 0.75 h rate positive active mass (PAM) utilization efficiency 21%. charging protocol composed two voltage limited (i.e. 2.6 V/cell), constant steps 35 9.5 A kg , respectively, total duration about 2 h. charge factor 1.05–1.15. observed behavior in conjunction versatility electrodeposition produce application-dependent optimized lead coating thickness composition shows promise development batteries using