Using lichen functional diversity to assess the effects of atmospheric ammonia in Mediterranean woodlands

摘要: 1. Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is one of the main drivers for ecosystem changes world-wide, including biodiversity loss. Modelling its deposition to evaluate impact on ecosystems has been focus many studies. For that, universal indicators are needed determine and compare early effects NH3 across ecosystems. 2. We atmospheric in using lichens, which most sensitive communities at level. Rather than measuring total diversity, we use a functional diversity approach because this potentially more tool. 3. We evaluated spatial temporal patterns concentrations ([NH3]atm) emitted from point-source over 1-year period cork oak Mediterranean woodland. We observed pattern [NH3]atm, with maximum during autumn. 4. The distribution lichen species was c. 90% explained by [NH3]atm. The tolerance NH3, based expert knowledge literature, tested first time against direct measurements NH3. Most were well classified, exception Lecanora albella Chrysothrix candelaris, tolerant expected. Our updated classification can be used establish groups that respond these other countries. 5. Increasing [NH3]atm led complete replacement oligotrophic nitrophytic within 65 m source. geostatistical analysis variables yielded model low non-spatial variance, indicating cope robustly high variation NH3. 6. Synthesis applications. results support variables, such as value, accurate robust ecosystems. modelling provide information resolution about around point- diffuse sources. As methodology groups, it applied monitor both success mitigation strategies.