Activity and social factors affect cohesion among individuals in female Japanese macaques: A simultaneous focal-follow study.

摘要: Understanding cohesion among individuals within a group is necessary to reveal the social system of group-living primates. Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) are female-philopatric primates that reside in groups. We investigated whether individual activity and factors can affect spatio-temporal wild female macaques. conducted behavioral observation on group, which contained 38 ranged over ca. 60 ha during study period. Two observers carried out simultaneous focal-animal sampling adult pairs full-day follows using global positioning enabled us quantify interindividual distances (IIDs), members visual range (i.e., unit), separation duration beyond as indicators individuals. found considerable variation cohesion. The overall mean IID was 99.9 m (range = 0–618.2 m). percentage IIDs 23.1%, auditory 59.8%, 17.1%. varied with activity; they were shorter grooming resting, longer foraging traveling. Low-ranking females showed less than high-ranking ones. Kin stayed nearly always audible range. weakly cohesive small unit size (3.15 counting only adults, 5.99 all individuals). Both-sex units most frequently observed type when grooming/resting. Conversely, foraging. 25.7 min (range = 3–513 min). Separation associated dominance rank. These results suggest regulate depending their relationships; separated adapt food distribution aggregated maintain interactions. Am. J. Primatol. 76:694–703, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.