Nutrients Turned into Toxins: Microbiota Modulation of Nutrient Properties in Chronic Kidney Disease.

摘要: In chronic kidney disease (CKD), accumulation of uremic toxins is associated with an increased risk death. Some are ingested the diet, such as phosphate and star fruit-derived caramboxin. Others result from nutrient processing by gut microbiota, yielding precursors or themselves. These nutrients include l-carnitine, choline/phosphatidylcholine, tryptophan tyrosine, which also sold over-the-counter nutritional supplements. Physicians patients alike should be aware that, in CKD patients, use these supplements may lead to potentially toxic effects. Unfortunately, most not their condition. dietary components modify increasing number bacteria that process them yield toxins, trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate indole-3 acetic acid. Circulating levels nutrient-derived death cardiovascular there evidence this association causal. Future developments maneuvers absorption derivatives improve patient outcomes.