Simultaneous analysis of 16S, 28S, COI and morphology in the Hymenoptera: Apocrita – evolutionary transitions among parasitic wasps

摘要: Abstract Simultaneous analysis of morphological and molecular characters from the 16S rDNA, 28S rDNA cytochrome oxidase 1 genes was employed to resolve phylogenetic relationships among apocritan (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apocrita) wasps. Parsimony analyses, employing a broad range models, consistently recovered Proctotrupomorpha as natural group, Megalyridae Trigonalidae sister groups, clade comprising Monomachidae, Diapriidae, Maamingidae, Vanhorniidae Proctotrupidae Proctotrupoidea polyphyletic, Evaniomorpha grade (but including Ichneumonoidea, Aculeata, Stephanidae). The Proctotrupomorpha, containing virtually all wholly endoparasitic lineages, an apical clade, with remaining groups forming paraphyletic below them. Although relative placement this basal varied most commonly arrangement is consistent ancestral biology being ectoparasitism coleopteran, wood-boring larvae. Furthermore, recovery ectoparasitic-containing proctotrupomorphs (Chalcidoidea and, in some Ceraphronoidea) lineages argues that these biologies are reversals.