Organic photovoltaics: principles and techniques for nanometre scale characterization

摘要: The photoconversion efficiency of state-of-the-art organic solar cells has experienced a remarkable increase in the last few years, with reported certified values up to 8.3%. This been due an improved understanding underlying physics, synthetic discovery and realization pivotal role that morphological optimization plays. Advances nanometre scale characterization have underpinned all three factors. Here we give overview current fundamental processes photovoltaic devices, on considerations recent developments measuring techniques. Finally, recommendations for future from perspective techniques are set forth.