Methods of treating acute blood loss

摘要: The present invention relates to novel methods of using blood substitutes treat acute loss and pharmaceutical compositions comprising substitutes. Blood useful for the can (1) induce expression erythropoietin as tested in a cell culture under normoxic conditions, and/or (2) erythropoiesis conditions measured by (a) decrease doubling time subject's hematocrit or hemoglobin, (b) an increase circulating level. stabilize HIF-1 alpha expression, down regulate NF-kappa B. Preferably, are cross-linked hemoglobin substitutes, more preferably, hemoglobins that comprise is intramolecularly with periodate-oxidized ATP, intermolecularly adenosine, conugated reduced glutathione.