Treatments for Pulmonary Ricin Intoxication: Current Aspects and Future Prospects.

摘要: Ricin, a plant-derived toxin originating from the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor beans), is one most lethal toxins known, particularly if inhaled. Ricin considered potential biological threat agent due to its high availability and ease production. The clinical manifestation pulmonary ricin intoxication in animal models closely related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which involves proinflammatory cytokine upregulation, massive neutrophil infiltration severe edema. Currently, only post-exposure measure that effective against ricinosis at clinically relevant time-points following pre-clinical studies passive immunization with anti-ricin neutralizing antibodies. efficacy this antitoxin treatment depends on antibody affinity time initiation within limited therapeutic window. Small-molecule compounds interfere directly or inhibit intracellular trafficking may also be beneficial ricinosis. Another approach relies co-administration antibodies immunomodulatory drugs, thereby while attenuating lung injury. Immunomodulators other pharmacological-based options should tailored according particular pathogenesis pathways This review focuses current for using antibodies, disease-modifying countermeasures, small molecules their various combinations.