Eating under observation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect that heightened awareness of observation has on laboratory measured energy intake

摘要: BACKGROUND Laboratory paradigms are commonly used to study human energy intake. However, the extent which participants believe their eating behavior is being measured may affect intake and a methodologic factor that has received little consideration. OBJECTIVE Our main objective was examine available evidence for effect heightened awareness of observation on in laboratory setting. DESIGN We systematically reviewed studies allowed experimental examination From these we combined estimates using inverse variance meta-analysis, calculating standardized mean difference (SMD) between heightened-awareness control conditions qualitatively synthesized potential moderators this effect. RESULTS Nine studies, providing 22 comparisons, were eligible inclusion. These largely sampled young women examined energy-dense snack foods. Evidence indicated associated with reduced when compared condition (random-effects SMD: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.66; P < 0.0001). found type manipulation heighten moderated overall CONCLUSIONS The date suggests reduces findings suggest should attempt minimize degree aware measured.