Development of Probabilistic Understanding in Fourth Grade.

摘要: We analyzed the development of 4th-grade students’ understanding transition from experimental relative frequencies outcomes to theoretical probabilities with a focus on foundational statistical concepts variation and expectation. report students’ initial changing expectations tossing one two coins, how they related frequency from their physical computer simulated trials probability, created interpreted theoretical probability models. Findings include progression an initial apparent equiprobability bias in predicting two coins through to representing increasing number trials. After observing the decreasing as sample size increased, students developed a deeper relationship between relative frequency well respective associations with Students’ final models indicated levels probabilistic understanding.