The role of cremaster muscle in testicular descent in humans and animal models

摘要: Testicular descent is a complex developmental process involving anatomical and hormonal regulation. The gubernaculum undergoes “swelling reaction” during the transabdominal phase mainly under control of Insulin-Like Peptide 3 (INSL-3) Mullerian Inhibitory Substance/Anti-Mullerian Hormone (MIS/AMH). second testicular regulated by androgens calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from sensory nucleus genitofemoral nerve (GFN). In rodents, active proliferation gubernacular tip cremaster muscle, its rhythmic contraction, as well chemotactic gradient provided CGRP result in eventual migration testis into scrotum. This review illustrates structural aspects muscle development to better understand mechanism normal rodents humans, compared diseased rodent models. analysis showed formed mesenchymal differentiation not direct passive extension internal oblique muscle. Cremaster matures slower than other body muscles, persistence immature myogenic proteins seen cardiac allows contraction guide Finally, remodelling enables eversion. Further understanding molecular regulators governing changes may lead new advances treatment undescended testes.