Biodiversity of predaceous coccinellidae in relation to bioindication and economic importance

摘要: Abstract Their pioneering role in the development of biological pest control has rendered Coccinellidae great practical and scientific interest. About 90% approximately 4200 coccinellid species are considered beneficial because their predatory activity, mainly against Homopterous insects mites. Coccinellids live all terrestrial ecosystems: tundra, forest, grassland, agrosystems, from plains to mountains. Knowledge life history requires investigation bio-ecology. Being holometabolous insects, coccinellids present types voltinism. They reproduce different habitats show a wide range behaviours, stenotropism eurotropism. In spite polyphagy, adults tend prefer certain food (or essential prey), which eaten voraciously. Many aphidophagous monovoltine migrate response unfavourable environmental conditions; however, most cases endure hostile changes by entering temporary dormant state, i.e., hibernation, aestivation or aestivo-hibernation. Despite these adaptive very vulnerable several limiting factors, including natural enemies anthropological influences. Therefore, many precautions must be taken throughout year protect them. Seasonal chages influence occurrence aphid outbreaks, type plant infested behaviour coccinellids. Reciprocally, found geographic zones can recruited as bioindicator owing climatic trophic characteristics. context control, represent an important cause mortality coccids, aphids The peculiar aggregation remains exploited for acclimatization new country. migratory abilities pose challenges opportunities effective programs aphids. Future research on genetics, physiology combined with studies flight aerodynamics interactions agricultural ecosystems will undoubtedly lead improvements coccinellid-based programs.