Tolerance of honey bee adults and larvae toward tyrothricin peptides derived from Brevibacillus parabrevis

摘要: Tyrothricin is a peptide complex containing the linear gramicidins and cyclic tyrocidines. The tyrocidines have potent activity against fungal plant pathogens. As these peptides possible agricultural applications, their toxicity was evaluated toward honey bee adults larvae. formulated in sucrose non-toxic to caged adult bees at up 1.5 g/L over 48-h exposure, which 100- 200-fold higher than amount needed eradicate high loads (2 × 104 spores/mL). Moreover, tyrothricin displayed vitro foulbrood causing pathogens (Paenibacillus larvae, Melissococcus plutonius, Paenibacillus alvei) In vivo or tyrocidine treatment delayed infection onset, indicating potential for curing. also found be with protective action semi-field trial on young released into hives, relative safety of application antimicrobial an setting.