Ecological and anthropogenic effects on the density of migratory and resident ungulates in a human‐inhabited protected area

摘要: Understanding the influence of environmental conditions and people on ungulate density distribution is key importance for conservation. We evaluated effects ecological anthropogenic factors migratory wildebeest zebra resident oribi in Zambia's Liuwa Plain National Park where human settlements were present. conducted transect surveys from 2010 to 2013 using distance sampling methods then developed a set 38 candidate models describe results predict density. Models included variables three classes: (year, season, vegetation, predominant grass height, burn, water presence), predation risk (hyaena density) (distance park boundary settlements). Densities ranged 6.2 60.8 individuals km−2 wildebeest, 1.1 14.5 individuals km−2 1.8 8.1 individuals km−2 zebra. The most complex strongly supported all species. magnitude sign variable differed among species, indicating that local densities are affected by factors. Results reveal resource partitioning species indicate proximity humans affect distributions with implications managing migrations Greater Ecosystem.