Interoception, conditioning, and fear: The panic threesome.

摘要: The present article aims to illustrate and review evidence on how associative learning involving interoceptive stimuli (interoceptive conditioning) can lead changes in physiological, emotional, perceptual outcomes. We first outline a functional perspective Pavlovian conditioning provide general introduction historical background as special instance of conditioning. Next, biological accounts panic disorder are discussed, followed by an analysis which responses may be most promising model that is relevant disorder. Finally, studies fear with respiratory reviewed future directions outlined.