Behavioural syndromes predict loss of migration in wild elk

摘要: Despite rapid growth in the literature on personality wild animals, has seldom been explored as a tool for wildlife management human-altered landscapes. That context frequently involves habituation of to people, which can alter predator–prey relationships, contribute ecosystem damage and result human–wildlife conflict. For many ungulate species, is also associated with changes facultative behaviours, such migration, may be related individual variation. We studied these relationships by identifying behavioural types two populations elk, Cervus canadensis, within prevalent, one captive population. defined relative position each along shy–bold gradient that we derived population from seven metrics. Those metrics included repeated measures reactions three stimuli (approaching humans, novel objects sounds), state variables measured scan samples (position herd vigilance) all-occurrence records specific behaviours (outcome dominance interactions leading). Boldness scores were more similar than among individuals all populations, consistent between years, unrelated age. In wild, shyer half was times likely exhibit migratory behaviour, whereas bolder just (3:1) express year-round residency. Our results suggest could an important managing habituated wildlife. By their associations particular tendencies, managers proactively target modification foster greater coexistence people