Influence of Predator Harvest, Biological Factors, and Landscape on Elk Calf Survival in Idaho

摘要: Abstract We evaluated survival of elk (Cervus elaphus) calves on 2 contrasting study areas in north-central Idaho, USA, from 1997 to 2004. Recruitment was modest (>30 calves:100 F [calves either sex:F ≥1 yr old]) and stable the South Fork area low (<20 F) declining Lochsa area. The primary proximate cause calf mortality both predation by black bears (Ursus americanus) mountain lions (Puma concolor). experimentally manipulated populations a portion each Black bear harvest (harvest density/600km2) initially doubled treatment after manipulating season bag limits. Mountain lion also increased 60% but varied widely during manipulation period. Harvest seasons were closed for Using Andersen–Gill formulation (A–G) Cox proportional hazards model, we examined effec...