Calculating dense-snow avalanche runout using a Voellmy-fluid model with active/passive longitudinal straining

摘要: A quasi-one-dimensional dense-snow avalanche model has been developed to predict runout and flow velocity in a general two-dimensional terrain. The contains three different dense-snow-avalanche laws. These are: (1) Voellmy-fluid law with longitudinal active/passive straining, (2) advanced by Russian researchers which the Coulomb-like dry friction is limited yield stress, (3) modified Criminale-Ericksen-Filby fluid proposed Norwegian researchers. application of straining solve practical avalanche-dynamics problems evaluated applying simulate laboratory experiments field case-studies. additionally comparing simulation results using models. In final analysis influence initial conditions on investigated. We conclude that resolves many shortcomings Voellmy-Salm model, traditionally used Switzerland runout. Furthermore, since well-calibrated parameters Swiss Guidelines calculation it can be readily applied practice. discuss why we believe models are not ready for application. Finally, show remain, such as specification release conditions. numerical require more detailed description fracture