Non-pharmacological cognitive enhancement.

摘要: The term "cognitive enhancement" usually characterizes interventions in humans that aim to improve mental functioning beyond what is necessary sustain or restore good health. While the current bioethical debate mainly concentrates on pharmaceuticals, according given characterization, cognitive enhancement also by non-pharmacological means has be regarded as proper. Here we summarize empirical data approaches using nutrition, physical exercise, sleep, meditation, mnemonic strategies, computer training, and brain stimulation for enhancing capabilities. Several of these strategies seem more efficacious compared currently available pharmaceuticals coined enhancers. many ethical arguments apply both pharmacological enhancers, some them appear new light when considered background enhancement. This article part a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.