Scent marking in wolves Canis lupus inhabiting managed lowland forests in Poland

摘要: In wolves Canis lupus, scent marking plays an important role in territory defence. Europe, studies on patterns of have mostly been conducted mountains or primeval forests, but since these areas are characterised by low human activity, the impact people this behaviour has neglected. We a study that combined genetic methods with analysis spatial distribution wolf markings lowland managed forests high activity. found deposited all members family groups. Wolves most intensively marked crossroads and their vicinity, especially roads only accessible for four-wheel drive cars. Our provides further evidence forest play crucial marking. The results our may be useful during inventories populations based collecting indirect signs presence non-invasive sampling.