Public Participation in Scientific Research: a Framework for Deliberate Design

摘要: Members of the public participate in scientific research many different contexts, stemming from traditions as varied participatory action and citizen science. Particularly conservation natural resource management where often addresses complex social-ecological questions, emphasis on nature this participation can significantly affect both way that projects are designed outcomes achieve. We review integrate recent work these other fields, which has converged such we propose term (PPSR) to discuss initiatives diverse fields traditions. describe three predominant models PPSR call upon case studies suggesting that—regardless context—project influenced by (1) degree process (2) quality negotiated during project design. To illustrate relationships between outcomes, offer a framework considers how interests for design toward multiple, integrated goals. suggest models, used tandem, support deliberate efforts will enhance their research, individual participants, systems.