Environmental Effects and Externalities from the Transport Sector and Sustainable Transportation Planning – A Review
作者： George N. Botzoris , Athanasios T. Galanis , Vassilios A. Profillidis
DOI:
关键词: Traffic flow 、 Energy consumption 、 Transportation planning 、 Traffic congestion 、 Economics 、 Externality 、 Gross domestic product 、 Urban planning 、 Natural resource economics 、 Economic growth 、 Sustainable transport
摘要: A literature review of the environmental effects and externalities transport sector concerns in sustainable planning is presented this paper. The relation between air pollution transport, considering that an important emitter, initially analyzed. causal relationship per capita GDP individual consumption for annual growth global CO 2 emissions changes from fuel combustion by various modes then explained. Furthermore, energy EU countries illustrated, as well traffic flow noise implications infrastructure to landscape aesthetics. increase passenger mobility has caused congestion, constituting effect which also quantified. impact accidents terms injuries, impairments fatalities a social public health issue. Moreover, policies on economic urban development, health, protection energy, focusing possible conflicts convergence safety are discussed. Finally, externalities, quantification monetary units eventual internalization these external costs presented. Keywords: Environmental effects; Externalities; Internalization; Sustainable; Transportation JEL Classifications: H23; O44; Q53; R4
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