Skeletal muscle nitric oxide (NO) synthases and NO-signaling in "diabesity"--what about the relevance of exercise training interventions?

摘要: Type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with obesity, or "diabesity", coincides an altered nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in skeletal muscle. Three isoforms of synthase (NOS) exist human muscle tissue. Both neuronal (nNOS) and endothelial (eNOS) are constitutively expressed under physiological conditions, producing low levels NO, while the inducible (iNOS) is strongly up-regulated only pathophysiological excessively increasing NO concentrations. Due to chronic inflammation, overweight/obese type diabetic patients exhibit protein contents iNOS concomitant elevated amounts Low muscular important for attaining adequate cellular redox state--thereby maintaining metabolic integrity--while high believed destroy components disturb processes, e.g., through augmented posttranslational S-nitrosylation. Physical training submaximal intensity has been shown attenuate inflammatory profiles long term. The present review summarizes signaling pathways which induce up-regulation conditions describes molecular mechanisms by concentrations likely contribute triggering insulin resistance reducing mitochondrial capacity during development progression diabetes. Based on this information, it discusses beneficial effects regular physical exercise subjects, thus unearthing new perspectives strategies particular patient group.