When good intentions are not enough … Insights on networks of “paper park” marine protected areas

摘要: In efforts to protect the world's oceans, Convention on Biological Diversity has moved goal of establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) cover 10% ocean from 2012 2020. This adjustment suggests that rush establish MPAs without proper resources does not resolve conservation problems. fact, such actions may create a false sense protection camouflages degradation ecosystems regional scales. To exemplify this phenomenon, we reviewed MPA efficacy in Gulf California, Mexico, where some 23,300 km2 have been decreed as MPAs. With exception Cabo Pulmo National Park, met or sustainability goals. We examined budgets and foundations’ investment region found funding for management is limiting factor efficacy, although enforcement be deficient. conclude failed because insufficient no-take zones, lack enforcement, poor governance, minimal community involvement. need new philosophy implement take advantage scientific knowledge monetary generated worldwide ensure they complement effective fisheries outside their borders.