Downgrading, downsizing, degazettement, and reclassification of protected areas in Brazil.

摘要: Protected areas (PAs) are key elements for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. Brazil has the largest PA system in world, covering approximately 220 million ha. This expanded rapidly mid-1990s to mid-2000s. Recent events Brazil, however, have led an increase downgrading, downsizing, degazettement (PADDD). Does this reflect a shift country's policy? We analyzed occurrence, frequency, magnitude, type, spatial distribution, causes of changes boundaries categories Brazil. identified 93 PADDD from 1981 2012. Such increased frequency since 2008 were ascribed primarily generation transmission electricity Amazonia. In Brazilian parks reserves, 7.3 ha affected by events, these, 5.2 downsizing or degazetting. Moreover, projects being considered Federal Congress may degazette 2.1 Amazonia alone. Relaxing protection status existing PAs is proving be politically easy recent extension reflects change governmental policy. By taking advantage chronic deficiencies financial personnel resources surveillance, disputes over land tenure, slowness justice, government agencies been implementing without consultation civil society. If reserves maintain their integrity, there will need investments better understanding benefits provide. Degradacion, Reajuste, Eliminaciom de las Listas y Reclasificacion Areas Protegidas en Brasil