Emerging (Bio)Sensing Technology for Assessing and Monitoring Freshwater Contamination - Methods and Applications

摘要: Water is life and its preservation not only a moral obligation but also legal requirement. By 2030, global demands will exceed more than 40 % the existing resources third of world's population have to deal with water shortages (European Environmental Agency [EEA], 2010). Climate change effects on help. Efforts are being made throughout Europe towards reduced efficient use prevention any further deterioration quality (Eurostat, European Comission [EC], The Framework Directive (EC, 2000) lays down provisions for monitoring, assessing classifying quality. Supporting this, Drinking sets standards 48 microbiological chemical parameters that must be monitored tested regularly 1998). Bathing concentration limits pollutants in inland coastal bathing waters 2006), addressing risks from algae cyanobacteria contamination faecal contamination, requiring immediate action, including provision information public, prevent exposure. With these directives, among others, Union [EU] expects offer citizens, by 2015, fresh good