The Placenta and Human Developmental Programming: Clinical causes and aspects of placental insufficiency

摘要: This chapter uses new epidemiological data to examine the role of materno-placental interactions in initiating chronic disease offspring. The size, weight and shape placenta are all subject wide variations. Its size reflects its ability transfer nutrients. In humans, placental growth responds maternal influences. Maternal anemia high body mass index associated with a birth ratio. observations on hypertension established that relation between size/shape fetal programming depend mother. There similar coronary heart disease. Growth surface is polarized from time implantation. human fetus may attempt compensate for undernutrition by expansion along minor axis. maternal/ differs boys girls.