Insect and Nematode Resistance

摘要: Crops are attacked by parasitic pests, including insects and nematodes causing considerable economic losses worldwide. The global yield loss of crops due to herbivorous varies between 5% 30% depending on crop species, while the plant about US $125 billion annually. Today, control parasites mainly depends relatively few chemicals that pose serious concerns risks hazards for humans, animals environment also increase costs growing crops. Use natural resistance mechanisms offers a promising alternative parasite control. A set genes has been identified. Advanced understandings in molecular details broaden horizon breeding programs. Because resource is limited many species gene-for-gene reliant easily overcome new virulent pathotypes, genetic variability needed. Therefore, engineered becoming an essential part sustainable as it management with benefits producer, consumer environment. For engineering , several approaches under discussion application. This review focuses strategy modification.