Frightening methods and devices/stimuli to prevent mammal damage--a review

摘要: Author(s): Koehler, Ann E.; Marsh, Rex Salmon, Terrell P. | Abstract: Various frightening stimuli, primarily visual and acoustic, have been used to prevent or alleviate damage by depredating mammals (e.g., deer (Odocoileus spp.), raccoons (Procyon lotor), tree squirrels (Sciurus coyotes (Canis latrans). Frightening methods are most appropriate for use where a crop situation needs protection from pest only period of few days weeks. The ability animals habituate such stimuli limits their long-term usefulness. Against nocturnal species, various types lights noisemakers the useful. Combining acoustic can enhance effectiveness, while varying techniques used, placement devices, and/or timing sequence delay habituation. Other physical also reviewed.