Adaptive management : where are we now?

摘要: Adaptive management (AM) emerged in the literature mid-1970s response both to a realization of extent uncertainty involved management, and frustration with attempts use modelling integrate knowledge make predictions. The term has since become increasingly widely used scientific articles, policy documents plans, but understanding application concept is mixed. This paper reviews recent from conservation natural resource journals assess diversity how used, highlight ambiguities consider might be further assessed. AM currently being describe many different contexts, scales locations. Few authors define explicitly or it offers means improve outcomes their specific context. Many do not adhere idea as was originally conceived, despite citing seminal work. Significant confusion exists over distinction between active passive approaches. Over half studies reporting implement claimed have done so successfully, yet none quantified benefits, costs, relation possible alternatives. Similarly those approach did only models parameterizations; assessed benefits costs field. regarded by some an effective well-established framework support resources, others difficult realize fraught implementation challenges; neither these observations wholly accurate. From technical perspective practical questions remain; particular real-world assessments value experimentation within framework, well identified challenges pathologies, are needed. Further discussion systematic assessment required, together greater attention its definition description, enabling new approaches managing uncertainty, itself.