Do natural rubber latex condoms pose a risk to aquatic systems
作者： Scott Lambert , Catherine Johnson , Virginie D. J. Keller , Chris J. Sinclair , Richard J. Williams
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM00422H
关键词:
摘要: The presence and potential adverse effects of plastic-polymers in the environment are receiving increasing attention popular scientific press. However, quantifying emissions, exposure these materials remains a challenge. This paper describes application questionnaire survey to quantify emissions condom material from domestic household sewage waste stream. Condoms an important mainstay for birth control reduction sexually transmitted infections. Survey participants were estimated flush condoms down toilet 2.96% time, calculated as 0.99 mg per person day. Using information on screening efficiencies at treatment plants, data was combined with GIS-based water quality model (LF2000-WQX) predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) UK river basin catchment. Annual average PECs 0.08–0.2 μg L−1, under scenario used. To put into context, rubber latex degraded outdoor microcosms. resulted formation complex mixture substances including chemical degradation products particles nano range. direct investigated using two freshwater organisms different life cycle traits, column crustacean Daphnia magna sediment-dwelling larval Chironomus riparius. Ecotoxicity tests both acute chronic endpoints shown exhibit no toxic effects. precluded derivation genuine no-effect concentration. Hence, results suggest that limited risk invertebrates is associated tested. Future studies should extend this framework assess risks other taxonomic groups well polymer materials.
rsc.org
sci-hub.se 参考文章(40)
Dominique Meekers, Ronan Van Rossem, Explaining inconsistencies between data on condom use and condom sales. BMC Health Services Research. ,vol. 5, pp. 5- 5 ,(2005) , 10.1186/1472-6963-5-5
Jort Hammer, Michiel H. S. Kraak, John R. Parsons, Plastics in the Marine Environment: The Dark Side of a Modern Gift Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. ,vol. 220, pp. 1- 44 ,(2012) , 10.1007/978-1-4614-3414-6_1
Mark A Browne, Awantha Dissanayake, Tamara S Galloway, David M Lowe, Richard C Thompson, None, Ingested Microscopic Plastic Translocates to the Circulatory System of the Mussel,Mytilus edulis(L.) Environmental Science & Technology. ,vol. 42, pp. 5026- 5031 ,(2008) , 10.1021/ES800249A
Erin R. Graham, Joseph T. Thompson, Deposit- and suspension-feeding sea cucumbers (Echinodermata) ingest plastic fragments Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. ,vol. 368, pp. 22- 29 ,(2009) , 10.1016/J.JEMBE.2008.09.007
A. T. Williams, S. L. Simmons, Sources of Riverine Litter: The River Taff, South Wales, UK Water Air and Soil Pollution. ,vol. 112, pp. 197- 216 ,(1999) , 10.1023/A:1005000724803
Subramaniam Kugathas, Richard J. Williams, John P. Sumpter, Prediction of environmental concentrations of glucocorticoids: The River Thames, UK, as an example Environment International. ,vol. 40, pp. 15- 23 ,(2012) , 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2011.11.007
Oliver R. Price, Richard J. Williams, Roger van Egmond, Mark J. Wilkinson, Michael J. Whelan, Predicting accurate and ecologically relevant regional scale concentrations of triclosan in rivers for use in higher-tier aquatic risk assessments. Environment International. ,vol. 36, pp. 521- 526 ,(2010) , 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2010.04.003
Maria Virginia Petry, Lucas Krüger, Vanda Simone da Silva Fonseca, Jaqueline Brummelhaus, Roberta da Cruz Piuco, Diet and ingestion of synthetics by Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea off southern Brazil Journal of Ornithology. ,vol. 150, pp. 601- 606 ,(2009) , 10.1007/S10336-009-0373-7
Delilah Lithner, Jeanette Damberg, Göran Dave, Åke Larsson, Leachates from plastic consumer products--screening for toxicity with Daphnia magna. Chemosphere. ,vol. 74, pp. 1195- 1200 ,(2009) , 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2008.11.022
Mark Anthony Browne, Phillip Crump, Stewart J. Niven, Emma Teuten, Andrew Tonkin, Tamara Galloway, Richard Thompson, Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Woldwide: Sources and Sinks Environmental Science & Technology. ,vol. 45, pp. 9175- 9179 ,(2011) , 10.1021/ES201811S