Tonal vocalizations in the red wolf (Canis rufus):Potential functions of nonlinear sound production

摘要: The purpose of this study is to further understanding the function nonlinear vocalizations in red wolves (Canis rufus) by examining acoustic, structural, and contextual characteristics sounds as compared linear sounds. Video recordings captive from a breeding facility were analyzed. acoustic nature sound units was consistent with that other social canids. included high-frequency squeaks (2600–9500 Hz) low-frequency wuhs (160–1600 occurring either separate or combination (squeak-wuh frequency jumps, biphonations, sidebands) jumps within squeaks. These low-amplitude occurred trains 1–30 classified squeak (49%), wuh (19%), (any including one more units, 32%). Nonlinear transitioned directionally mixed-frequency which has implications for production function. Wolves squeaked most often when oriented toward others, implying solicitation function, while common during interactions. penmate-play neighbors, indicating may signal an increase arousal.