6 – Wolf Vocalization1

摘要: Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of wolf vocalization. Many different sounds have been listed in the literature: barks, howls, growls, squeaks, whines, whimpers, songs, snarls, yelps, yips, yaps, and combinations such as growl-barks, bark-growls, bark-howls. Theberge Falls (1967) pared list to six basic types; Joslin (1966) used four—howl, bark, whimper, growl—and considered others merely subclasses four. The growl is a deep, coarse sound, with energy spread between 250 1500 hertz (Hz) emphasis around 800 Hz (Tembrock, 1963). Whimpering includes vocalizations variously classified squeaks. All are characterized by their high pitch relatively pure tone. bark short, explosive usually no more than .1 second long. vocalization that comes quickest mind howl. Spontaneous group howling sessions follow both daily seasonal trends frequency. study its infancy. Detailed acoustic studies each sound form, variations, possible correlations behavioral ecological contexts lacking for most vocalizations. For howling, some preliminary work has completed, but there still not complete understanding these rich varied